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Experimental models of peripheral nerve injury have been developed to study mechanisms of neuropathic pain. In the spared nerve injury (SNI) model in rats, the common peroneal and tibial nerves are injured, producing consistent and reproducible pain hypersensitivity in the territory of the spared sural nerve. In this study, we investigated whether SNI in mice is also a valid model system for neuropathic...
The true incidence of neuropathic pain is unknown, but it is believed to be under-diagnosed and treated inadequately, despite the availability of drugs with proven efficacy. Our objective was to report the epidemiology and drug treatment of neuropathic pain as managed by UK primary care physicians. A descriptive analysis of the epidemiology of incident post-herpetic neuralgia (n=12,386); trigeminal...
Past evidence has shown that motor cortical stimulation with invasive and non-invasive brain stimulation is effective to relieve central pain. Here we aimed to study the effects of another, very safe technique of non-invasive brain stimulation – transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) – on pain control in patients with central pain due to traumatic spinal cord injury. Patients were randomized...
Individuals vary widely in their sensitivity to painful stimuli. Some exhibit heightened reactions to pain (hyperpathia), while others show relative indifference. Although multiple factors may be responsible for these differences, varying sensitivities to pain also can be due to underlying differences in nociceptive neurophysiology. We present here the case of an individual with an apparent congenital...
Chronic opioid-induced analgesic tolerance remains a major obstacle to improving clinical management of moderate to severe chronic pain. Our understanding of the underlying mechanisms for opioid tolerance is only partially understood at present. In this study, we investigated the effects of chronic morphine on GABA A receptor-mediated synaptic transmission, a major opioid target for pain inhibition,...
The precentral gyrus (M1) is a representative target for electrical stimulation therapy of pain. To date, few researchers have investigated whether pain relief is possible by stimulation of cortical areas other than M1. According to recent reports, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) can provide an effect similar to that of electrical stimulation. With this in mind, we therefore examined...
Inflammation or injury of peripheral tissue causes release of chemical mediators, including 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), which is involved in the facilitation of nociceptive transmission and the induction of hyperalgesia. The present study examined the effect of a selective 5-HT 2A receptor antagonist, sarpogrelate, on hyperalgesia and allodynia induced by thermal injury in rats. Mild thermal...
Most pain patients are treated in an outpatient setting and are engaged in daily activities including driving. Since several studies showed that cognitive functioning may be impaired in chronic nonmalignant pain, the question arises whether or not chronic nonmalignant pain affects driving performance. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to determine the effects of chronic nonmalignant...
In recent years, oxytocin has been implicated in a wide diversity of functions. The role of oxytocin in analgesia and pain modulation represents an important new function of an endogenous system controlling sensorial information. The paraventricular (PV) nucleus of the hypothalamus is one of the most important sources of oxytocin, and it has a very well-defined projection to the spinal cord. The location...
The objective of this study was to assess the impact of parent attention and distraction on symptom complaints by children with and without chronic functional abdominal pain. The water load symptom provocation task was used to induce visceral discomfort in pediatric patients with abdominal pain (N=104) and well children (N=119), ages 8–16 years. Parents were randomly assigned and trained to interact...
Cold hyperalgesia is a major clinical phenomenon, but validated experimental models are still lacking for humans. Topical menthol application has recently been proposed as a possible model for the study of cold pain. We characterized the psychophysical effects of 30% l-menthol in ethanol on glabrous skin in 39 healthy subjects, using a double-blind, randomized, crossover design, with ethanol as a...
Electroacupuncture is commonly used for pain relief. Despite an extensive evidence-base guiding the selection of stimulation parameters, little methodologically robust research exists regarding the level of intensity required to provide effective doses. This study investigated the hypoalgesic effects of two stimulation intensities compared to placebo on pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) in pain-free...
The possible pronociceptive role of peripheral cholecystokinin (CCK-8) as well as CCK A and CCK B receptors in diabetic rats was assessed. Subcutaneous injection of 0.5% formalin induced a greater nociceptive behavior in diabetic than in non-diabetic rats. Moreover, local peripheral injection of CCK-8 (0.1–100μg) significantly increased 0.5% formalin-induced nociceptive activity in...
Most patients with primary headache syndromes who have frequent attacks of pain have tenderness in the sub-occipital region. Injection of the greater occipital nerve (GON) with local anesthetic and corticosteroids has been widely used in clinical practice for many years, yet there is no clear understanding of its mechanisms of action. Moreover, there is no current gold-standard of practice regarding...
Management of acute pain remains a significant clinical problem. In preclinical studies, CB 2 cannabinoid receptor-selective agonists inhibit nociception without producing central nervous system side effects. The CB 2 receptor-selective agonist AM1241 produces antinociceptive effects that are antagonized by CB 2 , but not CB 1 , receptor-selective antagonists, suggesting...
Recent studies suggest that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are critically involved in neuropathic pain. Although vitamin E is a well-known antioxidant, its efficacy on chronic pain is not known. This study investigated the efficacy and mechanisms of vitamin E analgesia in a rat model of neuropathic pain produced by spinal nerve ligation. The effects of vitamin E were investigated using behavioral testing,...
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